Overview

What decisions do you need to make about care at the end of life?

You will face many hard decisions as you near the end of life. Those decisions will include what kind of care you'd like to receive, where you'd like to receive care, and who will make decisions about your care should you not be able to make decisions yourself.

You may hear these terms:

• Curative treatment, which is any medical treatment that is given to cure your disease or to try to help you live longer.
• Hospice palliative care, which helps to provide relief from pain and any other symptoms you may have with your disease and may also include treatment to help you live longer. The hospice palliative care team will help coordinate your medical care with other doctors and help you with medical decisions. Hospice palliative care also provides care for people who are close to the end of life as well as emotional and spiritual support for you and your loved ones.

No one knows when his or her time may come. So it's a good idea to spend some time planning what you want at the end of life. To be prepared:

• Decide what kind of health care you want or don't want. For example, you can decide whether you want CPR if your heart or breathing stops.
• Let others know what you've decided. Consider writing an advance care plan. An advance care plan includes documents that express your wishes for medical care if you are not able to speak or make decisions for yourself and allows you to choose a substitute decision-maker. Your substitute decision-maker will have the legal right to make treatment decisions for you, not only at the end of your life but anytime you are not able to speak for yourself.
• Decide whether you'd like to donate your organs.

Will you have to choose between types of care?

One thing to think about is what type of medical care you want. Some people ask their doctors to do everything possible to keep them alive. This is called curative treatment.

Others choose hospice palliative care, which does not try to cure your illness. It looks at ways to make you more comfortable. For example, hospice palliative care may include giving you medicines to help with pain or with the side effects from treatment. Hospice palliative care team members may also provide physiotherapy or help you if you are having problems such as anxiety or loss of appetite from chemotherapy.

You can have both types of treatment. You can get hospice palliative care to help keep you comfortable, and you can take medicines or other treatments that might cure you.

A time may come when you decide to stop curative treatment if it is very clear that your illness can't be cured. You will still see your doctor and get excellent care. And if your condition changes, you can start curative treatment again. But if your illness is expected to get worse, you may want to plan ahead for that time by talking with your doctor.

Where would you like to receive care?

Another thing to think about is where you'd like to receive care. Some people would rather be cared for in a hospital. Others choose to be cared for at home or in a nursing home.

If you have only a few months left, you may choose to receive care through hospice palliative care. Hospice palliative care services are usually provided by a team of people that includes doctors, nurses, and volunteers, but the people on your team may vary depending on where you live and the resources in your area. The team gives hospice palliative care and emotional and spiritual support to people near the end of life and to their families. It may offer practical support like running errands or fixing meals. You can get hospice palliative care in your home or in a hospital, nursing home, or hospice centre.

Depending on where you receive hospice palliative care, the costs may be covered by your provincial health plan or private insurance plan. Hospice palliative care is usually covered under provincial health plans.

What do you and your doctor need to know?

If you find out that you have a life-threatening disease or condition, talk with your doctor about the kind of medical care you'd like to receive. Ask a lot of questions about your illness and the treatments that are available. It can be helpful to have a friend or family member go to your appointments with you.

When you have decided whether you want hospice palliative care or curative treatment or both, tell your doctor. Also, share your advance care plan with your doctor.

How do you talk with your loved ones about your end-of-life choices?

It can be hard to talk with your loved ones about death. But it is important to discuss your choices while you can speak for yourself. Planning ahead will help you and your loved ones make hard decisions when the time comes.

Even though it might be awkward or uncomfortable, look for chances to talk about your end-of-life choices. For example, you could bring up the subject while you are making out your will. Or you could talk with loved ones after a visit to the doctor. Family gatherings are another place to make time to discuss your plans with loved ones.

Whatever you decide and whenever you decide to talk with loved ones, be sure to put your wishes in writing. You can always change your mind if your condition or your wishes change.

Important Decisions

Many important decisions can be made about the care you want to receive at the end of life while you are active and able to communicate your wishes. By making arrangements in advance, valuable time can be used to spend time with loved ones.

Communicating your health care decisions

By completing an advance care plan, which documents your health care preferences, you can help ensure your wishes will be respected if you become unable to communicate for yourself.

An advance care plan can always be changed as your personal needs and goals change. Advance care plans usually include:

• A legal document that expresses your wishes for medical care if you become unable to speak or make decisions for yourself. It allows you to keep control over your medical treatment decisions at the end of life. Check the laws governing advance care plans in your province or territory. When considering some of the more difficult end-of-life decisions, it may help to think about what kinds of medical procedures you would or would not want.
• Documents which allow you to legally appoint a substitute decision-maker (also called a health care agent or proxy) to make medical treatment decisions for you, not only at the end of your life but any time you are unable to speak for yourself. You can and should make decisions about your medical treatment for as long as you are able to make and communicate them. But when this is not possible, your substitute decision-maker can use both the written information in your advance care plan plus what he or she knows about you personally to make decisions about your medical treatment.

For more information on choosing a substitute decision-maker and writing an advance care plan, see:

• Advance Care Planning.
• Choosing a Substitute Decision-Maker.

Organ donation

Organ donation is another important decision to consider at the end of life. Many people need organ transplants because of medical conditions such as kidney failure, cornea disease, or heart failure. After your death, you may be able to donate certain organs depending on their condition. Talk to your doctor about whether your illness allows you to be an organ donor.

If you choose to donate, your organs may be distributed to one or more people, based on blood and tissue type, the severity of the recipient's medical condition, how long the recipient has been waiting, and geographical location.

If you are interested in donating, you can indicate this on an organ donor card, a witnessed document that states your desire to donate your organs. On this card, you can specify which organs you wish to donate, or you can choose to donate any organ that is needed at the time of your death. Some provinces allow people to designate on their driver's licences their wishes regarding organ donation.

Even if you complete a donor card or indicate your wishes on your driver's licence, it is important to discuss your decision with your family. After your death, your family may be asked to give consent prior to donating your organs. For this reason, it is important to involve your family.

Organ donation will not disfigure your body, nor will it interfere with your funeral, including plans for an open casket funeral. You and your family will not be responsible for the costs associated with organ donation.

Estate planning

As you make end-of-life decisions, an attorney can advise you on how best to organize your estate so your family can handle your affairs after your death. Also, a financial planner or social worker may be available in your community or through a local hospital or hospice palliative care program. If your finances are limited, some attorneys and accountants offer services at a reduced rate or at no cost (pro bono).

Estate planning may include:

• Writing a will. If you already have a will, it may need to be updated. If you do not make your wishes known in a will, provincial laws may dictate what happens to your property when you die. Typically, property is distributed to a spouse, to children, or if there is no spouse or children, to other relatives. If no relatives can be found, your property may be taken by the state. Consider appointing a person to oversee your property after your death. This person is called an executor. After you write your will, keep it in a safe place, and let your executor and close family members know where it can be found.
• Appointing someone to make financial decisions for you in the event you are unable to do so.
• Choosing one or more people to care for your minor children (guardianship). A guardianship is a legal arrangement in which an adult has the court-ordered authority and responsibility to care for a child under the age of 18 or for an incapacitated adult.
• Ensuring your records are in a safe, accessible place. Documentation of a life insurance policy, pension, retirement account, or annuity should be stored in a safe place, along with bank account information, deeds to real estate, or investment information. Close family members, the executor of your estate, and your attorney should know where this information is kept.

Choosing the care you want

As soon as you are diagnosed with a serious illness, you may benefit from hospice palliative care to relieve pain and maintain comfort. For more information see the topic Hospice Palliative Care.

Several factors may impact your decision about the kind of care you want, including:

• Your illness. If you are diagnosed with a serious illness, curative treatment options may be available. Certain diseases, such as skin cancer, testicular cancer, and cervical cancer, are often cured with appropriate medical treatment. Other serious illnesses, such as diabetes and AIDS, cannot be cured but can be managed successfully for many years. And some illnesses are more aggressive and life-limiting.
• Your treatment options. Many medical treatment options offer the chance of curing a disease with little effect on the quality of your life. Other treatments may prolong your life but may be associated with side effects that drastically decrease the quality of your life.
• Your age and other health conditions. Older people with multiple health problems may be more likely than healthier younger people to choose care that focuses on keeping them comfortable rather than keeping them alive as long as possible.

For more information on making the decision to stop curative treatments, see:

• Should I Stop Treatment That Prolongs My Life?

Talking to your doctor

When you are diagnosed with a terminal disease or condition, it is important to communicate your preferences and concerns clearly with your doctor. Likewise, you should expect your doctor to communicate openly and sensitively with you and your loved ones. Your doctor can provide information, answer questions, and advise you. But the decisions are yours.

To get the most out of an appointment with your doctor:

• Listen carefully to what your doctor says. Make sure you understand what you are told about any diagnosis or treatment.
• Ask questions. If you don't understand something your doctor says, ask for it to be repeated in a different way.
• Be honest. If your values, beliefs, fears, or concerns may interfere with a treatment that is suggested, talk with your doctor about it. Other treatment options may be available.
• Ask for instructions. Before leaving your doctor's office, make sure you know what you are supposed to do to care for yourself. Ask for written information or instructions.

Important questions to ask your doctor include:

• What is my diagnosis?
• What are my treatment options? What are the side effects?
• What might happen if I choose not to treat my illness?
• How soon do I need to make a decision about which treatment to use (or to not use)?
• Should I take an antibiotic to treat an infection?
• Can I stop taking any of my medicines, such as:
  • A bisphosphonate, which prevents osteoporosis?
  • A cholinesterase inhibitor, which reduces Alzheimer's disease symptoms?
  • A statin, which prevents heart attack and stroke?

Other questions to ask your doctor include:

• How long do you think I have to live?
• Will you tell me when you think I am ready for hospice palliative care?
• How will my illness and care affect my loved ones?

Prepare for your appointments by writing down your questions and concerns and taking this paper to your appointment. This will help you remember to address the important issues.

As your illness progresses, you may become too ill to continue seeing your doctor at a clinic or to talk on the telephone. If you wish to be at home as you die, it is helpful to designate only one family member or friend to communicate with your doctor. Choosing one reliable person to relay messages will help avoid the confusion caused by several people trying to communicate with your doctor.

Aggressive life-sustaining medical treatment

Discuss with your loved ones and doctor how you feel about life-sustaining treatment.

Tough choices include whether you want cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed on you if your heart stops. If you stop breathing, a ventilator or respirator may be used to mechanically breathe for you. Although mechanical ventilation can prolong your life, your remaining days may be spent in the intensive care unit of a hospital connected to life-support equipment. You may not be fully alert and may not be able to speak.

Talk to your doctor about your illness, specific treatment options, and chances for recovery. Your family is a key part of this process. Discuss your options with them and clearly state your wishes. Some people who are facing death have strong and definite feelings about CPR, and the decision for or against life support may be easy. For other people, this decision is extremely difficult.

For more information on this decision, see:

• Should I Receive CPR and Life Support?

Artificial hydration and nutrition

Another important treatment issue to consider is whether you want intravenous, or IV, lines or feeding tubes to be used if you are no longer able to take food or fluids by mouth. This is known as artificial hydration and nutrition. An IV is a needle placed in your vein through which fluids, liquid nutritional supplements, or medicines can be given. A feeding tube can be either a tube inserted into the stomach through the nose (nasogastric, or NG, tube) or a tube surgically inserted through the abdomen into the stomach (gastrostomy or PEG tube, or g-tube). As with an IV line, liquid nutritional supplements, fluids, or medicines can be given through a feeding tube. A third form of artificial hydration, hypodermoclysis, involves the injection of fluids directly into tissues beneath the skin (subcutaneous).

Changes in your body in the final weeks of life reduce your need for food and water. You will likely not be thirsty or hungry. You may feel better without artificial hydration or nutrition.

Talk to your doctor if you are considering artificial hydration and nutrition. Making a plan for IV fluids and feeding tubes early in the course of your illness may be helpful if you are faced later on with the decision to pursue or forgo these treatments. Remember to communicate your wishes clearly with your family and your doctor.

For more information on this decision, see:

• Should I Have Artificial Hydration and Nutrition?

Kidney dialysis

Deciding when to stop kidney dialysis can be a difficult decision for people who have kidney failure. A person with kidney failure needs dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain life. Kidney failure often occurs after kidney damage has been present for 10 years or more. It usually is caused by a chronic disease, such as chronic renal disease or diabetes, that slowly damages the kidneys and reduces their function over time.

Although dialysis sustains life, it is not a cure for kidney failure. Having kidney disease means making difficult choices. Many people with kidney failure live active, productive lives while having regular dialysis treatment. But others do not feel as healthy and struggle with the complications of dialysis.

For more information on this decision, see:

• Should I Stop Kidney Dialysis?

Cardiac devices

If you have a heart device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), talk to your doctor. You may want to have it turned off if you are terminally ill. Your doctor can explain how your heart device might affect you as you die.

Write down your decision about whether or not you want to have your heart device turned off and add this to your advance care plan.

Where to Receive Care

Deciding where you will receive care as your illness progresses can be challenging, but planning now for your care can decrease your anxiety later on. Talk to your loved ones about the type of care you would like to receive at the end of your life. Discuss their expectations as well as your wishes, care needs, finances, and the needs of your family. Your choice may change as your illness changes.

A study of seriously ill patients in hospitals and their family members showed that the most important elements of end-of-life care were:^{footnote 1}

• Trust and confidence in the doctor who is treating the patient.
• Having the option of not being on life support.
• Effective communication between the patient, the patient's family, and the doctor.

Several care options are available, including hospice palliative care, home care, nursing home placement, or care from an assisted-living facility. Your choices may be limited by your medical coverage or what you can afford to pay.

Studies show that most people die in a hospital or nursing home. If you would prefer to have your final care at home, planning ahead may allow you to do so.

Hospice palliative care

As death nears, you may choose to receive help and support from a regional comprehensive palliative care program that includes support to remain at home and access to hospice palliative care units. Hospice palliative care focuses on using palliative therapies exclusively to manage pain and other symptoms as your illness progresses. Part of this care is keeping you as alert and comfortable as possible in a familiar environment, surrounded by your family and friends. When you choose hospice palliative care, your focus may shift away from curative and life-sustaining treatments. But you can change your treatment plan at any time.

Hospice palliative care is provided by a team of health workers, including nurses, social workers, volunteers, counsellors, and personal care assistants. Your doctor can continue to direct your care and work closely with you and the hospice palliative care team. Hospice palliative care most often occurs at your home, although it can be given in a nursing home, a hospital, or a hospice palliative care centre. If you remain at home, the hospice palliative care team supports your family in their caregiving. And "family" is not limited to your spouse (or partner) or blood relatives. Friends from your workplace, church, community, or neighbourhood may be considered part of your family.

Hospice palliative care seeks to relieve physical symptoms and address your emotional, social, and spiritual needs, as well as the needs of your loved ones. Hospice palliative care offers a chance to address difficult but normal concerns that you and those you love may have about death and dying, such as pain, unresolved issues, and caregiving needs. If you choose, the counselling and support services that hospice palliative care provides will offer opportunities to work on mending important relationships and to explore spiritual issues.

The hospice palliative care team can help with advance care plan forms and with legal and financial affairs. But you may need help from an attorney, depending on what is required in your province or territory. Also, hospice palliative care staff can answer questions about treatment and what to expect during the dying process. The team can also help with physical needs, such as bathing and pain control.

Coverage for hospice palliative care varies by province; check your health plan for specific information about which services are available to you.

For more information on choosing hospice palliative care, see the topic Hospice Palliative Care.

Home care

You may choose to remain at home as your illness progresses, especially if you have a large support network of family and friends who can help with your care. Another factor in making this choice may be whether you have the financial resources to hire trained caregivers to help your family with your care. Remaining at home in a familiar environment, surrounded by loved ones, may be the best care option in these circumstances.

Community services are available to help your family provide care for you at home. Talk to your doctor about receiving help from a hospice palliative care program or a nursing agency. Make a list of people who can help your family with your care, including people from work, church, or community groups. In many larger communities, private case management practices are available to help find and coordinate the services you may need in order to be cared for at home.

Nursing home care

You may consider receiving care in a nursing home if you are unable to remain at home during your illness. A nursing home also may be the best option if you need more skilled care than can be provided at home, or if a family member is unable to care for you because he or she is ill, disabled, or elderly.

Information on choosing a nursing home may help you as you decide whether nursing home care is the best choice for you.

Assisted-living facilities

Assisted-living facilities are a popular alternative to nursing homes for people who can provide the majority of their own care. Assisted-living facilities generally offer individual rooms with limited cooking facilities in each unit. Residents usually meet in a dining room for meals. Housekeeping and laundry services, social activities, and access to a nurse are typically provided.

Some assisted-living facilities are connected to a nursing home. In these facilities, you can transfer from the assisted-care facility to the nursing home when you are no longer able to provide your own care. Get written information from the assisted-living facility about what is expected if your condition gets worse and you are no longer able to care for yourself. Many assisted-living facilities require that the resident move to a nursing home or hire a personal caregiver if skilled care is needed.

Regulations for assisted-living facilities vary from province to province.

The Dying Process

If you are dying or are caring for a dying loved one, you may have questions and concerns about what will happen physically and emotionally as death approaches. The following information may help answer some of these questions.

Signs of approaching death

The dying process is as variable as the birthing process. The exact time of death cannot be predicted, nor can the exact manner in which a person will die. But people in advanced stages of a terminal illness experience many similar symptoms as they approach the end of life, regardless of their illness.

Several physical and emotional changes occur as death approaches, including:

• Excessive sleepiness and weakness as periods of wakefulness become shorter and overall energy declines.
• Breathing changes, such as periods of rapid breathing alternating with short episodes when breathing stops.
• Visual and hearing changes, such as seeing people or scenes that others do not (hallucinations).
• Decreased appetite as your metabolism slows and you no longer have the same interest in food.
• Urinary and bowel changes, such as dark or red urine and hard stools that are difficult to pass (constipation).
• Temperature changes, such as running a high temperature or feeling very cold.
• Emotional changes, such as becoming less interested in the outside world and being less socially involved with others.

Dying people may also experience symptoms specific to their illness. Talk to your doctor about what to expect. Also, if you have chosen to receive hospice palliative care, the hospice palliative care team is available to answer any questions you may have about the dying process. The more you and your loved ones know, the better prepared you will be to cope with what is happening.

Pain

Hospice palliative care can help you to feel relief from physical symptoms related to your illness, such as nausea or difficulty breathing. Pain control and symptom control are important parts of managing your illness and improving the quality of your life.

Whether a person suffers from physical pain in the days before death often depends on the illness. Some terminal illnesses, such as bone or pancreatic cancer, are more likely to be accompanied by physical pain than others.

Pain and other symptoms can be so feared that a person considers medical assistance in dying. But pain linked to the dying process can almost always be managed effectively. Any new or worse pain should be reported to your family and your doctor. Many medicines and alternative methods (such as massage) are available to treat the pain linked with dying. Do not hesitate to ask for help. Have a loved one report your pain if your illness prevents you from communicating with your doctor.

You may want to protect your family from your suffering. But it is important to tell them if your pain level is not tolerable so they can tell your doctor right away.

If you and your doctor are not able to control your pain, ask about seeing a pain management specialist. This is a doctor who finds ways to treat pain that won't go away.

Spirituality

Spirituality refers to a person's sense of meaning and purpose in life. It also refers to a person's relationship to a higher power or an energy that gives life meaning.

Some people do not think of spiritual matters often. For others, spirituality is a part of daily life. Facing the end of your life may cause you to confront your own spiritual questions and issues. Organized religion provides comfort to many people as they face death. Others may find solace in exploring nature, through community involvement, by strengthening existing relationships, or by developing new relationships. Think about what provides comfort and support to you. What questions and concerns do you have? Don't hesitate to ask for support from friends, family, your hospice palliative care team, or spiritual advisors.

Caring for a dying loved one

The dying process can be a time for growth. It offers the dying person and his or her family and friends a time to mend relationships, share memories, and say their good-byes. If you are a caregiver, it is important to communicate openly with your dying loved one. Also, seek support from others and take care of yourself so you don't become physically and mentally exhausted.

After Death

Autopsy

An autopsy is the thorough examination of a body after death to help determine how and why a person died. Autopsies are not performed as frequently as they have been in the past, especially when the death is expected.

An autopsy is often not needed to determine the cause of death when a person dies of a disease or condition that had been diagnosed. If a diagnosis and cause of death is unclear, some families may wish to have an autopsy done. This can provide family members with information about diseases or conditions that they also may be at risk for developing.

Family members should find out the cost of an autopsy before one is arranged. For more information, see the topic Autopsy.

• Should I Have an Autopsy Done on My Loved One?

Grieving the death of a loved one

Grief following a loved one's death is a normal, healthy reaction. It is a gradual process that helps people begin to accept their loss and to adjust to life without their loved one. It often takes two years or more to go through the most intense emotions of the grieving process. Although the pain of grief fades over time, the sense of loss after a loved one's death never completely goes away.

People experience grief physically and emotionally in their own ways. After a death, it is common for survivors to wonder if their grief is normal. Shock, denial, anger, and guilt are all common reactions after the death of someone close. For example, a person may feel angry toward other family members, a higher being, or even at the person who died. Or survivors may feel guilty because their loved one had a long illness and they are relieved that the death finally occurred. These all are normal reactions to loss.

Survivors need to be patient with themselves, and they need to seek help and support from others. Grief counselling may help some people who are having difficulty with the grieving process.

For more information about surviving the death of a loved one, see the topic Grief and Grieving.