This topic provides a general overview of low back pain. If you have been diagnosed with a herniated disc or spinal stenosis, see the topic Herniated Disc or Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.
What is low back pain?
Low back pain can happen anywhere below the ribs and above the legs. It is possible to hurt your back when you lift, reach, or twist. In fact, almost everyone has low back pain at one time or another.
Often doctors don't know what causes low back pain.
What are the symptoms?
Depending on the cause, low back pain can cause a range of symptoms. The pain may be dull or sharp. It may be in one small area or over a broad area. You may have muscle spasms.
Low back pain can also cause leg symptoms, such as pain, numbness, or tingling, often extending below the knee.
A rare but serious problem called cauda equina syndrome can occur if the nerves at the end of the spinal cord are squeezed. Seek emergency treatment if you have weakness or numbness in both legs or you lose bladder or bowel control.
Most low back pain is short-term (acute) and will go away in a few weeks. It is more likely to become long-lasting (chronic) if you are depressed or under stress.
How is low back pain diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask questions about your past health, symptoms, and activities. He or she will also do a physical examination. Your answers and the examination can help rule out a serious cause for the pain. In most cases, doctors are able to recommend treatment after the first examination.
But if you have a back pain problem that has lasted longer than 6 weeks, or if your doctor thinks you may have more than muscle pain, it might be time for one of these tests.
How is it treated?
Most low back pain will improve with basic first aid, which includes continuing to do light activity such as walking, and taking over-the-counter pain medicine as needed.
Walking is the simplest and maybe the best exercise for the lower back. It gets your blood moving and helps your muscles stay strong.
Your doctor or physiotherapist can recommend more specific exercises to help your back muscles get stronger. These may include a series of simple exercises called core stabilization. Strengthening the muscles in your trunk can improve your posture, keep your body in better balance, and lower your chance of injury.
If your symptoms are severe or you still have symptoms after 2 weeks of self-care, see your doctor. You may need stronger pain medicines, or you might benefit from manual therapy.
Each of the various treatments for back pain work for some people but not for others. You may need to try different things to see which work best for you, such as:
Spinal manipulation.
Massage.
Acupuncture.
Having ongoing (chronic) back pain can make you depressed. In turn, depression can have an effect on your level of pain and whether your back gets better. People with depression and chronic pain often benefit from both antidepressant medicines and counselling. Counselling can help you learn stress management and pain control skills.
How can you prevent low back pain from returning?
After you've had low back pain, you're likely to have it again. But there are some things you can do to help prevent it. And they can help you get better faster if you do have low back pain again.
To help keep your back healthy and avoid further pain:
Practice good posture when you sit, stand, and walk. "Good posture" generally means your ears, shoulders, and hips are in a straight line.
Get regular, low-impact exercise. Walk, swim, or ride a stationary bike. Stretch before you exercise.
Sleep on your side.
Watch your weight.
Don't try to lift things that are too heavy for you. When you must lift, learn the right way to lift.
If you sit or stand for long periods at work:
Sit or stand up straight, with your shoulders back.
Make sure your chair fits you and has good back support.
Take regular breaks to walk around.
If your work involves a lot of bending, reaching, or lifting:
Talk to your human resources department to see if there are other ways you can do your work.
Don't depend on a "back belt" to protect your back.
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Often doctors don't know what causes low back pain. The most common causes of low back pain are:
Injury or overuse. This can include sprains or strains of soft tissues such as ligaments and muscles, fractures or compression fractures of bones, or injuries to the small joints between the bones of the spine.
Osteoarthritis , which is usually caused by getting older.
When osteoarthritis affects the small joints in the spine, it can lead to back pain by making the joints themselves stiff and sore and also by creating pressure on the nerve roots.
Osteoarthritis in other joints, such as the hips, can cause you to limp or to change the way you walk. This can also lead to back pain.
Less common spinal conditions that can cause low back pain include:
Spinal tumours, which are growths on the bones and ligaments of the spine, on the spinal cord, or on nerve roots.
Symptoms
Symptoms of low back pain depend on the cause.
Back sprain or strain
Symptoms typically include:
Muscle spasms, cramping, and stiffness.
Pain in the back and sometimes in the buttock. It may come on quickly or gradually. It most often occurs in episodes. Certain movements make it worse, and doing light activities such as walking makes it feel better. The worst pain usually lasts 48 to 72 hours and may be followed by days or weeks of less severe pain.
Nerve-root pressure
Symptoms typically include:
Leg pain. If pain extends below the knee, it is more likely to be due to pressure on a nerve than to a muscle problem. Most commonly, it's a pain that starts in the buttock and travels down the back of the leg as far as the ankle or foot. This pain pattern is known as sciatica (say "sy-AT-ih-kuh"). For more information, see the topic Sciatica.
Nerve-related problems, such as tingling, numbness, or weakness in one leg or in the foot, lower leg, or both legs. Tingling may begin in the buttock and extend to the ankle or foot. Weakness or numbness in both legs, or loss of bladder and/or bowel control, are symptoms of cauda equina syndrome, which requires immediate medical attention.
Starts gradually, gets worse over time, and lasts longer than 3 to 6 months.
Is generally worse in the morning or after prolonged periods of inactivity. Arthritis pain gets better when you move around.
Other conditions
Symptoms of diseases that affect the spine depend on the disease. They may include:
Pain that is worse in the affected part of the spine (for instance, if there is a compression fracture, tumour, or infection).
Pain that starts gradually, is constant, and may be sharp or a dull ache. Bed rest doesn't help and may make it worse (for example, tumours on the spine often cause night pain). The pain lasts longer than 2 to 3 weeks.
Fever.
Sensitivity of the spine to touch and pressure.
Pain that wakes you up from sleep.
What Happens
The course of low back pain depends both on its cause and on how well you treat your back.
Most low back pain goes away within several weeks. But after you have had back pain once, you're more likely to have it again. Many people who recover have back pain again within a year, and most people will have it again sometime during their lives.
Long-lasting (chronic) pain not only makes you tired, irritable, and less productive and less active but also can trigger other problems. If your back pain causes you to use your body in different ways (for example, to limp or to sit differently), pain can develop in other areas of the body. Pain can also cause biochemical changes in your body that tend to keep the pain going.
What Increases Your Risk
A risk factor is something that increases your chances of having back pain. Having more risk factors means you have a higher chance of having back pain.
Physical and family risk factors
Being middle-aged or older
Being male
Having a family history of back pain
Having had a back injury before
Being pregnant. A woman's back is significantly stressed by carrying a baby.
Risk factors you can change with lifestyle changes
Not getting regular exercise
Doing a job or other activity that requires long periods of sitting, heavy lifting, bending or twisting, repetitive motions, or constant vibration, such as using a jackhammer or driving certain types of heavy equipment
Smoking. People who smoke are more likely than people who don't smoke to have low back pain.
Being overweight. Excess body weight, especially around the waist, may put strain on your back, although this has not been proved. But being overweight often also means being in poor physical condition, with weaker muscles and less flexibility. These can lead to low back pain.
Having poor posture. Slumping or slouching on its own may not cause low back pain. But after the back has been strained or injured, bad posture can make pain worse. "Good posture" generally means your ears, shoulders, and hips are in a straight line. If this posture causes pain, you may have another condition such as a problem with a disc or bones in your back.
Being under stress. Stress and other emotional factors are believed to play a major role in low back pain, particularly chronic low back pain. Many people unconsciously tighten their back muscles when they are under stress.
Risk factors you might change with medical treatment
Having long periods of depression
Using medicines long-term that weaken bones, such as corticosteroids
Having an illness or disease that causes chronic coughing
When To Call
Call 911 or other emergency services immediately if:
Back pain occurs with chest pain or other symptoms of a heart attack.
A person has signs of damage to the spine after an injury (such as a car crash, fall, or direct blow to the spine). Signs may include:
Being unable to move part of the body.
Severe back or neck pain.
Weakness, tingling, or numbness in the arms or legs.
Call your doctor now if:
You have new or worse numbness in your legs.
You have new or worse weakness in your legs. (This could make it hard to stand up.)
You have a new loss of bowel or bladder control.
You have new or increased back pain with fever, painful urination, or other signs of a urinary tract infection.
You have long-term back pain that suddenly gets much worse, and you didn't cause it by being more active.
You have a history of cancer or HIV infection, and you have new or increased back pain.
Pain wakes you from sleep.
Watchful waiting
Most low back pain doesn't require a visit to a doctor.
If the pain doesn't get better after 1 or 2 days and you can't do your normal daily activities, call your doctor.
If you still have mild to moderate pain after at least 2 weeks of home treatment, talk with your doctor. You may need to be checked for problems that may be causing your back pain.
Examinations and Tests
Your doctor will begin by asking questions about your medical history, your symptoms, and your work and physical activities. He or she will also do a physical examination. The questions and examination can help your doctor rule out a serious cause for your pain. Your doctor may also ask questions about stress at home and at work that may make you more susceptible to chronic pain.
If your back pain has lasted for less than 6 weeks, it may be best to wait to do any testing. This is because most back pain goes away on its own in a month or so.
But if you have a back pain problem that has lasted longer than 6 weeks, or if your doctor thinks you may have more than muscle pain, it might be time for a test.
Sometimes other tests can be useful, such as a bone scan or an electromyogram and nerve conduction. These are used to look for bone, nerve, and muscle/nerve problems that might be causing low back pain.
Acute: This is pain that has lasted less than 3 months. Most people get better with home treatment.
Chronic: This is pain that has lasted longer than 3 months. People with chronic back pain are usually helped with more intensive treatment.
Treatment for acute low back pain
Learn about the first aid steps you can take when you first get back pain, such as using heat or ice, taking medicine, and not resting too much.
Sometimes acute low back pain lasts longer than a few days, even after you try first aid steps. In such a case, you might add another treatment, such as acupuncture or manual therapy.
If your pain is very bad, your doctor may recommend short-term use of a muscle relaxant. Some people consider epidural steroid shots.
Answers From an Expert:
"Stay as active as you can. Doctors used to say to rest, but it turns out that this is not the case. The more active you are, the better you will be, and the faster you will heal."— Dr. Robert Keller
"I thought, 'Okay, it will hurt for a day or two, and that's it.' But it lasted a lot longer. It took about 3 weeks. I guess we're used to fast cures. We take an aspirin, and the headache goes away. We take the antibiotic, and the infection disappears." — Lorna
If you have chronic back pain, one type of treatment by itself doesn't always stop your pain. Spinal manipulation can work to relieve low back pain. Other treatments can, too.
If over-the-counter medicines combined with these treatments have not helped, your doctor may recommend another medicine. In some cases an antidepressant such as duloxetine can help. If pain is very bad, your doctor may have you try a week or two of an opioid pain reliever such as tramadol. Be sure to discuss the risks and the possible benefits of all medicines with your doctor.
Prevention
There is no clear evidence that you can prevent low back pain. But there are some things you can do that may help prevent it. And they can prepare you for faster recovery if you do have low back pain.
Almost everyone has low back pain at some time. The good news is that most low back pain will go away in a few days or weeks with some basic self-care. This includes first aid, self-massage and using heat or ice.
Basic self-care can also help prevent back problems from coming back.
One Man's Story:
"Some people get better fast, but others take a lot of time. That was my case. If you have back pain, do what you can for it, but don't be in a hurry. It usually gets better."— Jack
Some people are afraid that doing too much may make their pain worse. In the past, people stayed in bed, thinking this would help their backs. Now experts think that, in most cases, getting back to your normal activities is good for your back, as long as you avoid things that make your pain worse.
For the first day or two of pain, take it easy. But as soon as possible, get back to your normal daily life and activities.
Movement helps your muscles stay strong. Lying down for too long can make your problem worse.
If you are an athlete, return to your activity carefully. Choose a low-impact option until your pain is under control.
Body mechanics are the way you use your body. Posture is the way you sit or stand.
To prevent a return of low back pain, you will need to take extra care when you lift. When you must lift, bend your knees and flex from your hips. Don't let your spine slump.
Think about your posture, whether you are sitting or standing. Slumping or slouching alone may not cause low back pain. But after the back has been strained or injured, bad posture can make pain worse. "Good posture" generally means your ears, shoulders, and hips are in a straight line. If this posture causes pain, you may have another condition such as a problem with a disc or bones in your back.
Stretch and strengthen your back
When you no longer have acute pain, you may be ready for gentle strengthening exercises for your stomach, back, and legs, and perhaps for some stretching exercises. Exercise may not only help decrease low back pain but also may help you recover faster, prevent reinjury to your back, and reduce the risk of disability from back pain.
Walking is the simplest and perhaps the best exercise for the low back. Your doctor or a physical therapist can recommend more specific exercises to help your back muscles get stronger. These may include a series of simple exercises called core stabilization. The muscles of your trunk, or core, support your spine. Strengthening these muscles can improve your posture, keep your body in better balance, and decrease your chance of injury.
Stress and low back pain can create a vicious circle. You have back pain, and you begin to worry about it. This causes stress, and your back muscles begin to tense. Tense muscles make your back pain worse, and you worry more ... which makes your back worse ... and so on.
There are lots of ways to teach yourself to relax.
"I had too much to do and too little time. That means stress. And when I start stressing, my back starts aching. Before I knew it, my back was screaming at me."— Cathy
Extra body weight, especially around the waist, may put strain on your back.
If you want to get to a healthy weight and stay there, lifestyle changes will work better than dieting.
Here are the three steps to reaching a healthy weight:
Eat a healthy diet .
You may be tempted to do a diet overhaul and change everything about the way you eat. But you will be more successful at staying with the changes you make if you pick just one eating habit at a time to work on.
Get moving. Try to make physical activity a regular part of your day, just like brushing your teeth. Start small, and build up over time. Moderate activity is safe for most people, but it's always a good idea to talk to your doctor before you start an exercise program.
Change your thinking. Our thoughts have a lot to do with how we feel and what we do. If you can stop your brain from telling you discouraging things and have it start encouraging you instead, you may be surprised at how much healthier you'll be—in mind and body.
People who smoke take longer to heal—from any injury, not just back pain. If you stop smoking, you may feel better sooner.
People who smoke are also much more likely to have back pain than people who don't smoke. This is because the nicotine and other toxins from smoking can keep spinal discs from getting all the nutrients they need from the blood, making disc injury more likely. These discs cushion the bones in your spine. An injured disc can cause low back pain.
Smoking also increases your risk of bone loss (osteoporosis).
Medicine can decrease low back pain and reduce muscle spasms in some people. But medicine alone isn't an effective treatment for low back pain. It should be used along with other treatments, such as walking, and using heat or ice.
Medicine choices
There are several medicines your doctor may recommend, depending on how long you have had pain, what other symptoms you have, and your medical history. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
The medicines recommended most often are:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen and naproxen. You can buy these medicines without a prescription. Some of them also come in stronger doses. For those, you'll need a prescription.
Muscle relaxants. These medicines can help with severe muscle spasms that happen when the back pain starts (acute phase). Side effects, such as drowsiness, are common.
Opioid pain relievers . These are very strong medicines that are sometimes tried to ease severe back pain that has not been controlled by other medicines. They are usually taken for only 1 to 2 weeks.
Antidepressants. Some of these medicines, such as amitriptyline and duloxetine, not only treat depression but also may help with chronic pain.
Other medicines sometimes used for low back pain are:
Anesthetic or steroid injections. These have been prescribed for chronic low back pain, but they have not been researched enough to know if they work well for back pain. They may give short-term relief from leg pain related to a back problem.
Botox injection . This is a shot into the back muscles. It has not been well tested for chronic low back pain.
Medicines that work for some people don't work for others. Let your doctor know if the medicine you are taking doesn't work for you. You may be able to take another medicine for your back pain.
Surgery
When you're in a lot of pain, you might wonder if you need surgery to fix what's wrong so that you can feel better.
Every case is different. But most people don't need surgery for low back pain.
When surgery may help
Most back surgeries are done to treat nerve pain from herniated discs. Surgery might be an option when a disc problem causes pain in your leg that prevents you from doing everyday tasks. You may have pain, numbness, or tingling through your buttock and down the back of your leg (sciatica) or in the front of your thigh.
A comprehensive rehabilitation program is very important after most back surgery. As you regain flexibility, recondition your back and stomach muscles, and increase your endurance for activity, you increase your chances of treatment success.
If you are unable or unwilling to do physiotherapy after surgery, you may not be a good candidate for surgery.
Deciding whether to have surgery
If you and your doctor are considering surgery, get as much information as you can about possible results, and consider whether you will be willing to do physiotherapy after surgery.
Back surgery isn't always successful. Depending on the condition, you may still have back pain after surgery.
Other Treatment
You can choose from a number of treatments for your low back pain. Because some of these treatments are new or not yet well researched, they may not be covered by your provincial health plan, private health insurance, or your Workers' Compensation Board.
The following complementary treatments are often used for low back pain.
Massage may reduce low back pain for a short time. It is probably most effective if you also learn to do exercises for your back and learn the best ways to lift and move to protect your back.
Biofeedback hasn't been well studied as a treatment for low back pain. Recent research hasn't shown that biofeedback is effective for controlling low back pain.
Acupuncture may help reduce pain and increase the ability to be active for a short time after treatment but not any more than other treatments.footnote 1
Acupressure uses pressure on certain points in the body to decrease symptoms. Small studies suggest that acupressure reduces pain and allows a person to be more active.footnote 2
Relaxation techniques can help reduce muscle tension, stress, and depression.
Yoga is another way to stay active and get help with relaxation and managing stress. Small studies suggest that yoga classes may help people with chronic low back pain control their symptoms and stay more active.footnote 3, footnote 4 It is not clear whether yoga is more helpful than other activity or treatment for chronic low back pain. There are different types of yoga. Talk to your doctor or physiotherapist before you start a yoga program.
Capsaicin cream may help relieve pain.footnote 5 Capsaicin is a substance contained in cayenne peppers. Capsaicin cream is applied directly to the skin over the painful area.
Here are some other treatment choices to think about:
Self-care techniques:
Back school teaches you all about back care, how to stand and sit, and how to move your body in a safer way.
Low-level laser therapy uses targeted light energy to decrease pain and promote healing.
Experimental treatments
New and experimental treatments are constantly being developed and offered to people who have low back pain. If you are considering such a treatment, be sure to ask your doctor for two things:
The scientific evidence that shows that the treatment works and is safe.
The results that your doctor has seen in his or her own practice.
Experimental treatments include:
Surgery to replace a ruptured or herniated disc with an artificial disc. This treatment has been approved by Health Canada. Long-term studies haven't been done.
Radiofrequency ablation of nerves. This may reduce chronic low back pain in some people by preventing pain signals from reaching the brain. It is sometimes used for pain from problems with the small joints in the spine called facet joints.
An intrathecal pain pump. This is a small tube inserted under the skin and deeper tissues along the midline of the back and into the spinal canal. The tube connects to a small reservoir of medicine inserted under the skin of your belly. The medicine is regularly delivered to the area of pain through the tube.
Coping With Chronic Back Pain
Low back pain can take a toll on your mental health. You may feel fear, frustration, and anger or have depression and anxiety because of ongoing pain. Those common reactions can make your pain last even longer. If pain is starting to get you down:
Let people know when you need a helping hand. Ask family members or friends to help out with physical tasks you can't do right now.
Be honest with your doctor about your pain. Ask for a referral to a counsellor or pain management specialist. A prescription antidepressant or antianxiety medicine may also help with chronic pain.
Work with your health professionals and your work supervisor to make a return-to-work plan, if needed. Ask for an ergonomic consultation if you need to learn how to do some of your job duties differently to avoid hurting your back again.
One Man's Story:
"I started feeling sad and angry a lot. I didn't want to do anything. My back was hurting more. I was having trouble focusing on my work. My life just started feeling smaller and smaller."— Ravi
You may have to lean on friends and family when facing difficult situations caused by chronic pain or other problems. Your loved ones can play an important role in supporting your recovery. Your doctor and community also may give you extra support.
Asking for support from others is not always easy. It can be hard to tell someone about your problems. But don't be afraid to ask for help.
Where you can get support
Family. Family members can help you cope by giving you comfort and encouragement.
Friends. Building strong relationships with others is important for your emotional well-being. Helping is a big part of friendship. At times you may be the one who encourages a friend.
Counselling. Professional counselling can help you cope with situations that interfere with your life and cause stress. Counselling can help you understand and deal with your pain. You can learn ways to stop negative thoughts. See the topic Stop Negative Thoughts: Choosing a Healthier Way of Thinking.
Your doctor. Find someone you trust and feel comfortable with. Be open and honest about your fears and concerns. Your doctor can help you get the right treatments, including treatment for depression or other problems.
Religious groups. Religious or spiritual groups may help you meet people and get involved in the community. Some religious organizations can help you get counselling or other social support services.
Social groups. Social groups can help you meet new people and get involved in activities you enjoy.
Community support groups . In a support group, you can talk to others who have dealt with the same problems or illness as you. You can encourage one another and learn ways of coping with tough emotions.
One Woman's Story:
"I really work at finding the good things in my day. It helps me get through the day, and I think it makes my pain not bother me as much."— Patty
Giving encouragement. This can keep you from feeling hopeless or alone.
Offering to help. Getting a helping hand can keep you from feeling overwhelmed. This may include helping with small daily tasks or bigger problems.
Going to medical visits. Your loved ones can offer support by being involved in your medical care.
Being honest and realistic. Make sure your loved ones understand how serious the problem is. They can help by not setting unreachable goals or by not acting like the problem will just go away.
Respecting your wishes. You are responsible for your decisions. Your loved ones can offer support and encouragement without interfering with your major decisions.
Having chronic back pain can make exercising—even walking—difficult. Being active is often the last thing you want to think about.
But the truth is that easing back into daily activity and physiotherapy exercises can help relieve back pain and can lead to long-term improvement for low back pain.footnote 6
Furlan AD, et al. (2005). Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1).
Hsieh LL, et al. (2006). Treatment of low back pain by acupressure and physical therapy: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 333(7543): 696–700.
Tilbrook HE, et al. (2011). Yoga for chronic low back pain: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(9): 569–578.
Sherman KJ, et al. (2011). A randomized trial comparing yoga, stretching, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(22): 2019–2026.
Gadomski AM, Brower M (2010). Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12).
Chou R (2010). Low back pain (chronic), search date April 2009. Online version of BMJ Clinical Evidence: http://www.clinicalevidence.com.
Credits
Current as of:
July 1, 2021
Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review: William H. Blahd Jr. MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine E. Gregory Thompson MD - Internal Medicine Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine
Medical Review:William H. Blahd Jr. MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine & E. Gregory Thompson MD - Internal Medicine & Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine
