Condition Basics

What is glaucoma?

Glaucoma is the name for a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve. This nerve carries information from the eye to the brain. When the nerve is damaged, you can lose your vision.

Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of legal blindness in the world. At first, people with glaucoma may have very mild symptoms. But if the disease isn't treated, vision loss may get worse. It can lead to total blindness over time.

There are different types of glaucoma.

• Open-angle glaucoma usually affects both eyes at the same time. Your vision gradually gets worse. But it gets worse so slowly that you may not notice it.
• Closed-angle glaucoma usually affects one eye at a time. It can happen suddenly and be a medical emergency.
• Childhood glaucoma is a rare form of glaucoma that may be present at birth or may develop in the first few years life.

What causes it?

The exact cause of glaucoma isn't known. Experts think that increased pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) may cause the nerve damage in many cases. But some people who have glaucoma have normal eye pressure.

What are the symptoms?

In open-angle glaucoma, the only symptom you may notice is loss of side (peripheral) vision. You may not notice this until it is serious. Symptoms of closed-angle glaucoma usually happen suddenly and can include severe pain and redness in the eye. In childhood glaucoma, symptoms can include watery eyes and sensitivity to light.

How is it diagnosed?

Your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms and do a physical examination. If your doctor thinks you have glaucoma, you will need to see an eye specialist. The specialist will do an eye examination and measure the pressure in your eyes to check for signs of glaucoma.

How is glaucoma treated?

Glaucoma can't be cured. But there are things you can do to help stop more damage to the optic nerve. To help keep your vision from getting worse, you'll probably need medicine (most likely eyedrops) every day. You may also need laser treatment or surgery. You'll also need regular checkups with your eye doctor.

What can you do to cope with glaucoma?

If you have vision loss, you can do things to help keep your quality of life. You can use vision aids, such as large-print items and special video systems. Support groups can also help you deal with vision loss. Take your medicines as directed. Make sure to go to all of your doctor appointments.

Cause

In open-angle glaucoma, fluid in the eye doesn't drain well. When this happens, the fluid builds up, increases the pressure, and damages the optic nerve. This causes vision loss. But some people who have this type have normal eye pressure. The reason for this is not known.

In closed-angle glaucoma, fluid can't drain because the drainage angle is blocked. This can happen when the coloured part of the eye and the lens block the movement of fluid. A defect or scar in the eye can also block fluid.

In congenital glaucoma, babies are born with it. In infantile glaucoma, it develops in the first years. It can happen because the mother had an infection during pregnancy. Some babies have a family history of the condition.

Some people get glaucoma after an eye injury or eye surgery. Some medicines (corticosteroids) may also cause glaucoma.

What Increases Your Risk

There are some things that can put you at risk for the different types of glaucoma.

You have a higher risk for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) if you:

• Have high pressure in the eyes.
• Are an older adult.
• Are of African descent.
• Have a family history of OAG.
• Are Hispanic.
• Have type 2 diabetes.

You have a higher risk for closed-angle glaucoma (CAG) if you:

• Are from East Asia or have East Asian or Inuit ancestry.^{footnote 1}
• Are an older adult.
• Are female.
• Are farsighted. The eyes of people with this condition have narrower drainage angles. This allows the angles to become blocked more easily.
• Have a family history of CAG.
• Already have CAG in one eye.^{footnote 1}

Your baby has a higher risk for childhood glaucoma if:

• The mother has certain viral infections like rubella during pregnancy.
• The baby has a family history of childhood glaucoma.

Symptoms

If you have open-angle glaucoma, you likely won't have any symptoms at first. You may have vision loss, but you may not notice it until the disease has become very serious. Any vision loss is most often side (peripheral) vision loss.

Symptoms of closed-angle glaucoma, such as blurred vision, can be mild. But they are often severe and happen suddenly. You may have pain and redness in your eye and see coloured halos around lights. Other symptoms include vision loss, feeling sick to your stomach, and vomiting.

In congenital and infantile glaucoma, signs can include watery eyes and being sensitive to light. Your baby's eyes may look cloudy or larger than normal. Your baby may rub their eyes, squint, or keep their eyes closed much of the time.

What Happens

Glaucoma usually affects side vision first. With no treatment, vision loss will continue. This will cause total blindness over time. Treatment can't reverse vision loss. But if glaucoma is found and treated early, good eyesight can usually be maintained.

With open-angle glaucoma, vision changes so slowly that your eyesight may be affected before you notice it. Blind spots from each side of the field of vision meet little by little, increasing the area of blindness. Central vision is affected last.

Closed-angle glaucoma can happen in short episodes over the long term. Or it can happen suddenly (acute). If it's acute, it's an emergency because severe and lasting vision loss can develop soon after symptoms start.

Childhood glaucoma may be present at birth or may develop within the first few years of life.

When to Call

Call 9-1-1 or other emergency services immediately if you have:

• Sudden, severe blurring of vision in one eye.
• Severe pain in the affected eye.
• Extreme redness of the affected eye.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Coloured halos surrounding light sources.

Call your doctor if you:

• Notice blind spots in your vision.
• Notice that over time you are having more trouble seeing.
• Have side effects from the glaucoma medicines that you are taking.

Check your symptoms

Exams and Tests

When checking for possible glaucoma, your doctor will ask about your past health and do a physical examination. If your doctor thinks you may have glaucoma, you will be referred to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). The specialist will check your eyes to help find out if you have the disease and how severe it is. The specialist will look for certain signs of damage in the eye by checking things like:

Eye structure.

Ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, slit lamp examination, and optic coherence tomography all check the structures of the eye.

Eye pressure.

Tonometry measures the pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure, or IOP).

Vision.

Vision tests include tests to check for visual acuity and loss of side and central vision (perimetry testing).

Cornea thickness.

Tests such as ultrasound pachymetry measure the thickness of the clear front surface of the eye (cornea). Cornea thickness, along with intraocular pressure, helps determine your risk for glaucoma.

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Treatment Overview

Most treatment for glaucoma is done to lower the pressure in the eyes. Treatment depends on the type of glaucoma.

• Open-angle glaucoma. Treatment for this usually starts with medicines to lower the pressure inside the eye. Most likely, eyedrops will be used. If medicines don't work, you may need laser treatment or surgery. Sometimes laser treatment or surgery will be tried before medicine.
• Closed-angle glaucoma. The first treatment for this is most often a procedure called laser iridotomy. You may also need medicine to help you stay at your target eye pressure. Usually eyedrops are used.
• Acute closed-angle glaucoma. Laser treatment is needed right away for this problem. Medicines may be needed if laser treatment is delayed.
• Childhood glaucoma. This almost always requires surgery. Medicine may sometimes be used. But it usually doesn't work as well.

If you have glaucoma, you will need regular eye examinations and treatment for glaucoma for the rest of your life.

Self-Care

If you have vision loss, there are things you can do to help keep your quality of life.

• Find ways to make the best uses of your remaining vision.
  • Use vision aids such as video enlargement systems and large-print items.
  • Place lighting so that it's aimed at what you want to see and aimed away from your eyes.
  • Mark the areas around stairways and ramps with paint or tape.
• Build a support group.

  It's common to feel sad or angry when you learn that you have glaucoma. Support groups and counselling can also help you deal with vision loss. Your doctor can also refer you to counsellors who specialize in helping people adjust to living with low vision.

• Be careful when you take medicine.
  • Use your glaucoma medicines as prescribed by your doctor.
  • Check with a doctor before you take any over-the-counter medicines if you have closed-angle glaucoma or you are at risk for it.
• Discuss any medicine side effects with your doctor.

  Eye medicines can cause symptoms all through the body. Your medicine may need to be changed.

• Learn how to use eyedrops.

  Using them the right way can help reduce side effects.

• Let people know that you have glaucoma.

  Carry a wallet card or other identification that says that you have glaucoma.

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Medicines

Prescription medicines to lower the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure, or IOP) are used to treat all types of glaucoma. One type reduces the amount of fluid (aqueous humour) that is produced by the eye. The other type increases the amount of fluid that drains out of the eye. You can use these medicines as eyedrops, as pills, in liquid form by mouth, or through a vein (in emergency situations). In most cases, eyedrops are used first.

In childhood glaucoma, medicines may be used to decrease the pressure in the eyes. They also reduce the cloudiness of the clear front surface (cornea) of the child's eye. Medicines are usually used only until surgery can be done.

When glaucoma has already caused vision loss, more vision loss may occur even after the pressure in the eye is lowered to the normal range with medicine.

Talk to your doctor about the goals of treatment, how long you will try the medicine, and the possible side effects. Eye medicines can cause symptoms all through the body.

In most cases, you'll keep taking these medicines for the rest of your life.

Medicines that decrease the amount of fluid produced by the eye

These include:

• Beta-blockers (such as betaxolol and timolol).
• Adrenergic agonists (such as brimonidine).
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (such as brinzolamide and dorzolamide).
• Hyperosmotics (such as mannitol).

Medicines that increase the amount of fluid that drains out of the eye

These include:

• Cholinergics (such as pilocarpine).
• Adrenergic agonists (such as brimonidine).
• Prostaglandin analogs (such as bimatoprost, travoprost, and latanoprost).

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Surgery

Surgery for glaucoma reduces the pressure in the eyes by allowing fluid to drain. It opens blocked drainage angles or creates a new opening so fluid can drain.

Doctors can use either a surgical cutting tool or a laser to do surgery. Laser surgery is usually tried first. If it doesn't help, your doctor may try conventional surgery.

There are three basic types of surgery:

• Surgery to increase drainage of fluid from the eye. The surgeon may remove a piece of tissue to allow fluid to drain from the eye. Or a stent or tube may be placed in the eye to allow fluid to drain.
• Surgery to prevent the drainage angle from closing. The surgeon makes a new opening in the coloured part of the eye (iris). It allows fluid to flow through the eye.
• Surgery to decrease the amount of fluid produced in the eye.

Deciding about surgery for glaucoma

Deciding whether to have surgery for glaucoma can be hard. Here are some reasons.

• You may not be in pain or notice any vision loss.
• Your vision may get worse right after surgery and may be affected for weeks or months. Your eyesight may not be as good as it was before surgery.
• Surgery isn't a complete cure for glaucoma. But surgery can decrease the chance of losing even more eyesight later. And for some people, it can reduce or get rid of the need for eyedrops.
• Not everyone who has laser surgery will have lower pressure in the eye after surgery. The lower pressure may last only a few years.
• The effects of some laser treatments aren't long-lasting. Other treatments may be needed later.

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