Eye Injuries

Topic Overview

It's common for a speck of dirt to get blown into your eye, for soap to wash into your eye, or for you to accidentally bump your eye. For these types of minor eye injuries, home treatment is usually all that is needed.

See a picture of the eye.

Some sports and recreational activities increase the risk of eye injuries.

Very high-risk sports include boxing, wrestling, and martial arts.
High-risk sports include baseball, football, tennis, fencing, and squash.
Low-risk sports include swimming and gymnastics (no body contact or use of a ball, bat, or racquet).

Blows to the eye

Direct blows to the eye can damage the skin and other tissues around the eye, the eyeball, or the bones of the eye socket. Blows to the eye often cause bruising around the eye (black eye) or cuts to the eyelid. If a blow to the eye or a cut to the eyelid occurred during an accident, be sure to check for injuries to the eyeball itself and for other injuries, especially to the head or face. Concern about an eye injury may cause you to miss other injuries that need attention.

Burns to the eye

Burns to the eye may be caused by chemicals, fumes, hot air or steam, sunlight, tanning lamps, electric hair curlers or dryers, or welding equipment. Bursts of flames or flash fires from stoves or explosives can also burn the face and eyes.

Chemical burns can occur if a solid chemical, liquid chemical, or chemical fumes get into the eye. Many substances will not cause damage if they are flushed out of the eye quickly. Acids (such as bleach or battery acid) and alkali substances (such as oven cleansers or fertilizers) can damage the eye. It may take 24 hours after the burn to determine the seriousness of an eye burn. Chemical fumes and vapours can also irritate the eyes.
Flash burns to the cornea can occur from a source of radiation like the sun or lights. Bright sunlight (especially when the sun is reflecting off snow or water) can burn your eyes if you don't wear sunglasses that filter out ultraviolet (UV) light. Eyes that are not protected by a mask can be burned by exposure to the high-intensity light of a welder's equipment (torch or arc). The eyes also may be injured by other bright lights, such as from tanning booths or sunlamps.

For more information, see the topic Burns to the Eye.

Foreign objects in the eye

A foreign object in the eye, such as dirt, an eyelash, a contact lens, or makeup, can cause eye symptoms.

Objects may scratch the surface of the eye (cornea) or become stuck on the eye. If the cornea is scratched, it can be hard to tell whether the object has been removed, because a scratched cornea may feel painful and as though something is still in the eye. Most corneal scratches are minor and heal on their own in 1 or 2 days.
Small or sharp objects travelling at high speeds can cause serious injury to many parts of the eyeball. Objects flying from a lawn mower, grinding wheel, or any tool may strike the eye and possibly puncture the eyeball. Injury may cause bleeding between the iris and cornea (hyphema), a change in the size or shape of the pupil, or damage to the structures inside the eyeball. These objects may be deep in the eye and may require medical treatment.

In the case of a car air bag inflating, all three types of eye injuries can occur. The force of impact can cause a blow to the eye, foreign objects may enter the eye, and chemicals in the air bag can burn the eye.

Eye injuries can be prevented by using protective eyewear. Wear safety glasses, goggles, or face shields when working with power tools or chemicals or when doing any activity that might cause an object or substance to get into your eyes. Some professions, such as health care and construction, may require workers to use protective eyewear to reduce the risk of foreign objects or substances or body fluids getting in the eyes.

After an eye injury, you need to watch for vision changes and symptoms of an infection. Most minor eye injuries can be treated at home. See Home Treatment for first aid measures.

Check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor.

Check Your Symptoms

Have you had an eye injury within the past week?

Yes

Eye injury within past week

How old are you?

Less than 4 years

4 years or older

Are you male or female?

Male

Female

The medical assessment of symptoms is based on the body parts you have.

If you are transgender or non-binary, choose the sex that matches the body parts (such as ovaries, testes, prostate, breasts, penis, or vagina) you now have in the area where you are having symptoms.
If your symptoms aren’t related to those organs, you can choose the gender you identify with.
If you have some organs of both sexes, you may need to go through this triage tool twice (once as "male" and once as "female"). This will make sure that the tool asks the right questions for you.

Do you have a heat or chemical burn to the eye?

Yes

Heat or chemical burn to eye

Is there a cut to the area around the eye (but not to the eyelid or to the eye itself)?

Yes

Cut in eye area

Has an object punctured or gone through the surface of the eyeball?

If the object is still there, do not try to remove it, and do not put any pressure on or around it.

Yes

Object punctured or penetrated the eyeball

Does the eye look like it is in the wrong place in the eye socket?

This could mean that the eyeball is bulging out of the socket, has sunken deeper in the socket, or does not seem to be in its normal position.

Yes

Eye is in wrong place in socket

Is the eye bulging out of the socket?

Yes

Eye is bulging out of socket

Have you had any new vision changes?

These could include vision loss, double vision, or new trouble seeing clearly.

Yes

New vision changes

Did you have a sudden loss of vision?

A loss of vision means that you cannot see out of the eye or out of some part of the eye. The vision in that area is gone.

Yes

Sudden vision loss

Do you still have vision loss?

Yes

Vision loss still present

Did the vision loss occur within the past day?

Yes

Vision loss occurred in the past day

Have you had double vision?

Yes

Double vision

Are you seeing double now?

Yes

Double vision now present

Did the double vision occur within the past day?

Yes

Double vision occurred in the past day

Are you having trouble seeing?

This means you are having new problems reading ordinary print or seeing things at a distance.

Yes

Decreased vision

Do you have any eye pain?

Yes

Eye pain

How bad is the pain on a scale of 0 to 10, if 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain you can imagine?

Signs of pain in an adult or child are different than signs of pain in a baby or toddler.

8 to 10: Severe pain

Severe eye pain

5 to 7: Moderate pain

Moderate eye pain

1 to 4: Mild pain

Mild eye pain

Has there been a change in the size or shape of the pupil (the black centre of the eye)?

Yes

Pupil changes after injury

Are the eyes moving normally?

Examples of abnormal movement include the eyes not moving together or not looking in the same direction.

Yes

Eyes moving normally

Eyes not moving normally

Do you suspect that the injury may have been caused by abuse?

This is a standard question that we ask in certain topics. It may not apply to you. But asking it of everyone helps us to get people the help they need.

Yes

Injury may have been caused by abuse

Is there an object in the eye now?

If the object hit the eye at a high speed or is a piece of metal, do not try to remove it.

Yes

Object in eye

Did the object hit the eye at high speed?

With high speeds, there is a high risk of serious eye injury even if the symptoms seem minor.

Yes

Object hit eye at high speed

Is there any metal in the eye?

Yes

Metal in eye

Can you easily remove the object from the eye?

If the object is on the surface of the eye, you may be able to remove it safely. Do not try to remove the object if it is metal.

Yes

Able to remove object in eye

Unable to remove object in eye

Have you noticed new floaters or an increasing number of floaters?

Floaters look like dark specks, strings, or cobwebs that float through the eye.

Yes

New or increasing floaters

Was there a sudden shower of floaters?

Yes

Sudden shower of floaters

Have you noticed flashes of light that are new or different from any you have had before?

Yes

Flashes of light

Did the flashes of light start suddenly?

Yes

Sudden flashes of light

Does light make your eyes hurt?

Yes

Sensitivity to light

Does the light hurt so much that you have trouble opening your eyes?

Yes

Hard to open eyes because of discomfort with light

Does it feel like there is something in the eye?

This is worse than the eye feeling gritty or a little irritated. This actually may make it hard to keep the eye open.

Yes

Feels like something is in eye

Is it very hard or impossible to open the eye because of the discomfort?

Yes

Hard to open eye because of discomfort with feeling something in eye

Is there any redness in the part of the eye that's usually white?

This does not include a blood spot on the eye.

Yes

Redness in part of eye that's usually white

Is there any blood in the eye?

This includes blood spots on the surface of the eye.

Yes

Blood spot or blood in eye

Is there any blood in the coloured part of the eye?

Blood that is only in the white part of the eye is usually not as serious as blood in the coloured part of the eye.

Yes

Blood is in coloured part of eye

Does the blood cover more than one-fourth of the white part of the eye?

Yes

Blood covers more than one-fourth of white of the eye

Is the blood spot getting bigger or is the amount of blood increasing?

Yes

Blood spot or amount of blood is growing

Do you think the eyelid or the skin around the eye may be infected?

Symptoms could include redness, pus, increasing pain, or a lot of swelling. (A small bump or pimple on the eyelid, called a stye, usually is not a problem.) You might also have a fever.

Yes

Symptoms of infection around eye

Do you think you may have a fever?

Yes

Possible fever

Do you have diabetes or a weakened immune system?

What weakens the immune system in an adult or older child may be different than in a young child or baby.

Yes

Diabetes or immune problem

Is there any pus coming from the area around the eye (not from the eye itself)?

Yes

Pus from area around eye

Is there any swelling around the eye?

Yes

Swelling around eye

Is the swelling so severe that you cannot see out of the eye?

Yes

Severe swelling around eye

Is the swelling getting worse?

Yes

Swelling around eye is getting worse

Do you have any other symptoms you're concerned about?

Yes

Other symptoms of concern

Many things can affect how your body responds to a symptom and what kind of care you may need. These include:

Your age. Babies and older adults tend to get sicker quicker.
Your overall health. If you have a condition such as diabetes, HIV, cancer, or heart disease, you may need to pay closer attention to certain symptoms and seek care sooner.
Medicines you take. Certain medicines, such as blood thinners (anticoagulants), medicines that suppress the immune system like steroids or chemotherapy, or natural health products can cause symptoms or make them worse.
Recent health events, such as surgery or injury. These kinds of events can cause symptoms afterwards or make them more serious.
Your health habits and lifestyle, such as eating and exercise habits, smoking, alcohol or drug use, sexual history, and travel.

Try Home Treatment

You have answered all the questions. Based on your answers, you may be able to take care of this problem at home.

Try home treatment to relieve the symptoms.
Call your doctor if symptoms get worse or you have any concerns (for example, if symptoms are not getting better as you would expect). You may need care sooner.

HomeTreatment

RelatedInformation

Pain in adults and older children

Severe pain (8 to 10): The pain is so bad that you can't stand it for more than a few hours, can't sleep, and can't do anything else except focus on the pain.
Moderate pain (5 to 7): The pain is bad enough to disrupt your normal activities and your sleep, but you can tolerate it for hours or days. Moderate can also mean pain that comes and goes even if it's severe when it's there.
Mild pain (1 to 4): You notice the pain, but it is not bad enough to disrupt your sleep or activities.

Pain in children under 3 years

It can be hard to tell how much pain a baby or toddler is in.

Severe pain (8 to 10): The pain is so bad that the baby cannot sleep, cannot get comfortable, and cries constantly no matter what you do. The baby may kick, make fists, or grimace.
Moderate pain (5 to 7): The baby is very fussy, clings to you a lot, and may have trouble sleeping but responds when you try to comfort him or her.
Mild pain (1 to 4): The baby is a little fussy and clings to you a little but responds when you try to comfort him or her.

There are a couple of ways to safely remove an object from the eye.

Do not try to remove:

Any object made of metal.
Any object that has punctured the eye.

To remove a non-metal object that is on the surface of the eye or inside the eyelid:

Wash your hands before you touch the eye.
Try to gently flush out the object with water.
If the object is on the white part of the eye or inside the lower lid, wet a cotton swab or the tip of a twisted piece of tissue and touch the end to the object. The object should cling to the swab or tissue.
Do not use tweezers, toothpicks, or other hard items to remove an object.

Certain health conditions and medicines weaken the immune system's ability to fight off infection and illness. Some examples in adults are:

Diseases such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and HIV/AIDS.
Long-term alcohol and drug problems.
Steroid medicines, which may be used to treat a variety of conditions.
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer.
Other medicines used to treat autoimmune disease.
Medicines taken after organ transplant.
Not having a spleen.

Certain health conditions and medicines weaken the immune system's ability to fight off infection and illness. Some examples in children are:

Diseases such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, and congenital heart disease.
Steroid medicines, which are used to treat a variety of conditions.
Medicines taken after organ transplant.
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer.
Not having a spleen.

Seek Care Now

Based on your answers, you may need care right away. The problem is likely to get worse without medical care.

Call your doctor now to discuss the symptoms and arrange for care.
If you cannot reach your doctor or you don't have one, seek care in the next hour.
You do not need to call an ambulance unless:
- You cannot travel safely either by driving yourself or by having someone else drive you.
- You are in an area where heavy traffic or other problems may slow you down.

Call 911 Now

Based on your answers, you need emergency care.

Call 911 or other emergency services now.

Sometimes people don't want to call 911. They may think that their symptoms aren't serious or that they can just get someone else to drive them. But based on your answers, the safest and quickest way for you to get the care you need is to call 911 for medical transport to the hospital.

Seek Care Today

Based on your answers, you may need care soon. The problem probably will not get better without medical care.

Call your doctor today to discuss the symptoms and arrange for care.
If you cannot reach your doctor or you don't have one, seek care today.
If it is evening, watch the symptoms and seek care in the morning.
If the symptoms get worse, seek care sooner.

HomeTreatment

RelatedInformation

Make an Appointment

Based on your answers, the problem may not improve without medical care.

Make an appointment to see your doctor in the next 1 to 2 weeks.
If appropriate, try home treatment while you are waiting for the appointment.
If symptoms get worse or you have any concerns, call your doctor. You may need care sooner.

HomeTreatment

RelatedInformation

Burns to the Eye

Cuts

Home Treatment

Most minor eye injuries can be treated at home.

If you have a cut on your eyelid, apply a sterile bandage or cloth to protect the area. If you don't have a sterile bandage, use a clean cloth. Do not use fluffy cotton bandages around the eye. They could tear apart and get stuck in the eye. Keep the bandage clean and dry.
To reduce swelling around the eye, apply ice or cold packs for 15 minutes 3 or 4 times a day during the first 48 hours after the injury. The sooner you apply a cold pack, the less swelling you are likely to have. Place a cloth between the ice and your skin. After the swelling goes down, warm compresses may help relieve pain.
Do not use chemical cooling packs on or near the eye. If the pack leaks, the chemicals could cause more eye damage. Do not use a piece of raw meat on an injured eye.
Keep your head elevated to help reduce swelling.
Try a non-prescription pain medicine such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin to relieve pain. Do not take aspirin if you are younger than 20 unless your doctor tells you to.

More specific home treatment can be used for certain types of eye injuries.

If your eye symptoms are not completely gone after 24 hours of home treatment, see your doctor.

Eye injury in a child

Applying first aid measures for an eye injury in a child may be difficult, depending on the child's age, size, and ability to cooperate. Having another adult help you treat the child is helpful. Stay calm and talk in a soothing voice. Use slow, gentle movements to help the child remain calm and cooperative. A struggling child may need to be held strongly so that first aid can be started and the seriousness of the eye injury assessed.

Medicine you can buy without a prescription
Try a non-prescription medicine to help treat your fever or pain:
Acetaminophen, such as Tylenol Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Ibuprofen, such as Advil or Motrin Naproxen, such as Aleve Aspirin (also a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), such as Entrophen Talk to your child's doctor before switching back and forth between doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. When you switch between two medicines, there is a chance your child will get too much medicine.

Safety tips
Be sure to follow these safety tips when you use a non-prescription medicine:
Carefully read and follow all directions on the medicine bottle and box. Do not take more than the recommended dose. Do not take a medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to it in the past. If you have been told to avoid a medicine, call your doctor before you take it. If you are or could be pregnant, do not take any medicine other than acetaminophen unless your doctor has told you to. Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 18 unless your doctor tells you to.

Symptoms to watch for during home treatment

Call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment:

Decreased, double, or blurred vision doesn't clear with blinking.
Pain has not gotten better.
Blood develops over the coloured part (iris) of the eye.
Sensitivity to light (photophobia) develops.
Signs of infection develop.
Symptoms become more severe or more frequent.

If you wear contacts, be sure to remove your contacts.

Prevention

The following tips may help prevent eye injuries.

Wear safety glasses, goggles, or face shields when you hammer nails or metal, work with power tools or chemicals, or do any activity that might cause a burn to your eyes. If you work with hazardous chemicals that could splash into your eyes, know how to flush chemicals out, and know the location of the nearest shower or sink.
If you are welding or are near someone else who is welding, wear a mask or goggles designed for welding.
Wear protective eyewear during sports such as hockey, racquetball, or paintball that involve the risk of a blow to the eye. Baseball is the most common sport to cause eye injuries. Fishhook injuries are another common cause of eye injuries. Protective eyewear can prevent sports-related eye injuries more than 90% of the time. An eye examination may be helpful in determining what type of protective eyewear is needed.
Injuries from ultraviolet (UV) light can be prevented by wearing sunglasses that block ultraviolet (UV) rays and by wearing broad-brimmed hats. Be aware that the eye can be injured from sun glare during boating, sunbathing, or skiing. Use eye protection while you are under tanning lamps or using tanning booths.
Wear your seat belt when in a motor vehicle. Use child car seats.

Prevention tips for children

Eye injuries are common in children, and many can be prevented. Most eye injuries happen in older children. They happen more often in boys than in girls. Toys—from crayons to toy guns—are a major source of injury, so check all toys for sharp or pointed parts. Household items, such as elastic cords, can also strike the eye and cause injury.

Teach your children about eye safety.

Be a good role model—always wear proper eye protection.
Get protective eyewear for your children, and help them use it properly.
Teach children that flying toys should never be pointed at another person.
Teach children how to carry sharp or pointed objects properly.
Teach children that any kind of missile, projectile, or BB gun is not a toy.
Use safety measures near fires and explosives, such as campfires and fireworks.
Do not let your child use laser pointers or laser toys. These can cause permanent eye damage if the laser is pointed at the eye.

Any eye injury that appears unusual for a child's age should be evaluated as possible child abuse.

Preparing For Your Appointment

To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment.

If you have had an eye injury that affects your vision, have someone else drive you to your doctor. If you are wearing contact lenses, remove them and take your glasses with you.

You can help your doctor diagnose and treat your condition by being prepared to answer the following questions.

What are your main symptoms? How long have you had your symptoms?
How and when did the injury occur?
Have you had any injuries in the past to the same eye? Do you have any continuing problems because of the previous injury?
Is there a foreign object in the eye? What is the object? Did it fall into the eye or did it fly into the eye at high speed?
What type of substance was splashed into your eye? How and when did it happen? Take the container with you.
How did the heat (thermal) burn occur?
How did the ultraviolet (UV) light burn occur?
Do you wear glasses or contacts? Did you remove your contact lens? Has the injury affected your vision (as corrected with glasses or contacts)?
What kind of vision changes are you having (not related to removing your eyeglasses or contact lenses)?
What home treatment have you tried? Did you flush your eye with water for 30 minutes as a first aid measure? Did it help?
What prescription or non-prescription medicines have you used? Did they help?
Were drugs or alcohol involved in your injury?
Do you have any health risks?

Objects in the Eye

Credits

Current as of: July 1, 2021

Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: William H. Blahd Jr. MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine
Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine
Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine