Topic Overview

What is a vegan diet?

A vegan (say "VEE-gun" or "VAY-gun") diet is a total vegetarian diet. Besides not eating meat, vegans don't eat food that comes from animals in any way. That includes milk products, eggs, honey, and gelatin (which comes from bones and other animal tissue).

There are many reasons why some people choose a vegan diet:

• It can be healthier than other diets.
• Some people think it's wrong to use animals for food.
• Some religions forbid eating meat.
• Eating less meat can be better for the environment, because most meat is commercially farmed.
• Some people don't like the taste of meat.

Is a vegan diet healthy?

If properly planned, a vegan diet can provide all the nutrients you need. In general, people who don't eat meat:^{footnote 1}

• Weigh less than people who eat meat.
• Are less likely to die of heart disease.
• Have lower cholesterol levels.
• Are less likely to get:
  • High blood pressure.
  • Prostate cancer.
  • Colon cancer.
  • Type 2 diabetes.

Good health could be related to a diet of mostly vegetables, fruits, and whole grain foods.

Keep a balance

As a vegan, you can still eat a balanced diet.

• Meat alternatives:
  • ¾ cup cooked beans, peas, or lentils
  • ¼ cup nuts or seeds
  • ¾ cup tofu or tempeh
  • 2 Tbsp peanut butter or nut butter
• Milk alternatives:
  • Soy beverage fortified with calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Count 1 cup (250 mL) as one serving.
  • Fortified yogurt.

How can vegans eat a balanced diet?

You may be worried that you won't get all the nutrients you need with a vegan diet. But as long as you eat a variety of foods, there are only a few things you need to pay special attention to.

• Calcium. If you don't get your calcium from milk products, you need to eat a lot of other calcium-rich foods. Calcium-fortified breakfast cereals, soy beverage, and orange juice are good choices. Calcium-fortified means that the manufacturer has added calcium to the food. Other foods that have calcium include certain legumes, certain leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, and tofu. If you don't use calcium-fortified foods, ask your doctor or registered dietitian if you should take a daily calcium supplement.
• Vitamin D. Getting enough calcium and vitamin D is important to keep bones strong. People who don't eat milk products can use fortified soy beverage.
• Iron. Getting enough iron is not a problem for vegans who take care to eat a wide variety of food. Our bodies don't absorb iron from plant foods as well as they absorb iron from meats. So it's important for vegans to regularly eat iron-rich foods. Vegan iron sources include cooked dried beans, peas, and lentils; leafy green vegetables; and iron-fortified grain products. And eating foods rich in vitamin C will help your body absorb iron.
• Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 comes from animal sources only. If you are a vegan, you'll need to rely on food that is fortified with this vitamin (for example, soy beverage) or take supplements. This is especially important for vegan women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

You can also get the vitamins and minerals listed above as supplements.

Like everyone else, vegans also need to make sure they get the following nutrients:

• Protein. When considering a vegan diet, many people worry that they will not get enough protein. But eating a wide variety of protein foods such as soy products, legumes, grains, nuts, and seeds will give you the protein you need.
• Omega-3 fatty acids. Without fish and eggs in your diet, you need to find other good sources of omega-3 fatty acids, such as hemp seeds, flaxseeds, pumpkin seeds, walnuts, certain leafy green vegetables, soybean oil, canola oil, and sea vegetables (such as arame, dulse, nori, kelp, kombu, or wakame).
• Zinc. Your body absorbs zinc better when it comes from meat than when it comes from plants. But vegans don't usually have a problem getting enough zinc if they eat lots of other foods that are good sources of zinc, including whole grain foods, cooked dried beans and lentils, soy foods, and vegetables.

Is it safe for children to be vegans?

A well-planned vegan diet can be healthy for children. Talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian. Young vegan children tend to be slightly smaller but still within normal growth ranges. And they tend to catch up to other children in size as they get older.

If you are raising a child on a vegan diet, consider the following:

• Breastfed babies and babies fed some breast milk need 400 IU of vitamin D each day from a supplement.^{footnote 1, footnote 2} Babies who are only fed formula do not need a vitamin D supplement. When your baby is no longer breastfeeding or taking formula, your health care provider may recommend a vitamin D supplement. Talk with your doctor or registered dietitian about how much and what sources of vitamin D are right for your baby.
• When starting solid foods, offer your baby iron-rich foods first, such as iron-fortified infant cereal, mashed beans, or tofu.
• Breastfed babies of vegan mothers need vitamin B12 supplements if the mother's diet is not fortified. Talk with your doctor or registered dietitian about how much and what sources of vitamin B12 are right for your baby.
• If you are not breastfeeding, give your child soy infant formula until your child is 2 years of age. After age 2, you can serve fortified soy beverage.^{footnote 2}
• Vegan diets can contain a lot of fibre. Fibre is great because it fills you up without adding a lot of calories. But children have small stomachs, and the fibre they eat can fill them up before they get enough calories. Frequent meals and snacks—with plenty of cereals, legumes, and nuts—will help children get the energy and nutrients they need for healthy growth.

What if your teenager decides to become a vegan?

With careful planning, a vegan diet can be very healthy for teens. In fact, it can be a great way to get them into a lifelong habit of healthy eating.

If your teen decides to become a vegan, teach him or her how to plan meals to get all the right nutrients every day. Teens need calcium and vitamin D. And iron is especially important for teen girls who are menstruating. Talk with your doctor registered dietitian about how much of these vitamins and minerals your child needs. Ask if your teen needs to take a daily supplement.

You may want your teen to talk to a registered dietitian to learn how to plan a healthy vegan diet.

It's important to find out why your teen wants to follow a vegan diet. Some teens adopt a vegan diet as a way to lose weight, and "being a vegan" can hide an eating disorder like anorexia.