Young children, who are naturally curious and like to explore, are at high risk of burns and scalds.

The most common cause of burns and scalds in young children is from contact with hot drinks/food, hot tap water, and hot surfaces.

Why are young children at risk?

• Young children are increasingly curious and mobile as they develop
• Infants and toddlers have thinner skin than adults (the top layer of a child’s skin gets thicker as they develop), so burns and scalds can occur faster and may be more severe
• Young children are small and still growing, so complications can be worse than in older individuals

What are the potential consequences of a burn or scald for young children?

• Hospitalization for painful burn treatment, which can require surgery
• Pressure garments and splints that have to be worn for up to two years following the injury
• Prominent, raised scars
• Tight scarred skin as the child grows, restricting movement. Surgery is usually required to restore normal function
• Increased rates of mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression

What increases the risk of burns in young children?

Personal risk factors:

• Age: Younger children (0-4 years) are at higher risk than older children (5+ years)
• Gender: Burns and scalds occur more frequently in boys than girls

Environmental risk factors:

• Kitchen hazards:
  • Hot drinks left unattended
  • Tripping over a child while transporting food
  • Appliance cords such as kettles and slow cookers that children can pull
  • Pot handles turned outward
  • Hot stove elements or oven doors
• Bathroom hazards:
  • Very hot bath and tap water
  • Access to appliances such as hair straighteners or curling irons
• Other hazards:
  • The glass of a gas fireplace or glass-fronted gas fireplaces
  • Open fireplaces
  • Household appliances, such as irons, space heaters, and bottle warmers

How can burns be prevented?

Burns and scalds are preventable. By implementing a mix of passive and active strategies, injuries can be prevented.

Passive strategies:

• The hot water temperature at the taps in the bathroom should be set to 49°C to reduce the potential severity of a scald.
  Note: Gas hot water tanks have different minimum temperature requirements than electric hot water tanks
• Childproof bathroom doors to prevent children from entering and turning on the hot water taps
• Place a fence or safety screen around fireplaces and other heaters to prevent contact burns
• Install external mixing valve taps in bathrooms and kitchens to regulate temperature and prevent bursts of hot water

Active strategies:

• Provide constant, close supervision, especially when the child is bathing or in the kitchen; older children should not be relied on to supervise younger children
• Check your child’s bath water with your elbow prior to placing them in the water; it should not feel hot
• Use a travel mug with a screw-on-lid for hot drinks
• Keep appliance cords out of reach and appliances away from the edge of the counter
• Turn pot handles inward on the stove and cook on back elements whenever possible
• Place young children in a highchair or play pen while you are cooking
• Teach older children that the kitchen is a NO PLAY ZONE
• Share safety tips with those who are caring for your kids (e.g. grandparents, daycare staff, friends, babysitters)

What do I do if my child is burned?*

1. Remove any hot and wet clothing, unless it is stuck to your child’s skin
2. Cool the burn immediately with cool water; Every second counts
3. Cool the burn for 1 minute; continue cooling, even if the skin peels or blisters; cooling reduces pain and injury
4. Keep your child warm; only cool the skin that has been burned
5. If the burn is smaller than a loonie (1 inch in diameter), after cooling, apply an antiseptic ointment like Polysporin and a band aid; change the band aid and apply new ointment every day until the burn is healed; if the damaged skin does not start to heal over the next 3 days, seek medical attention
6. If the burn is about the size of 7 of your child’s handprints, or bigger, cool the burn for 1 minute, then cover with a clean, dry sheet and call 9-1-1

Never put home remedies, such as oil, butter, cream or ice on a burn.

*Content & wording provided with permission from the Child Safety Too Hot for Tots! Fact Sheet, City of Delta, 2020.

When to see a doctor?

• If the burn is bigger than a $1 loonie coin (1 inch in diameter)
• If the burn is on your child’s face, hands, feet, or groin
• If blisters develop
• If the burn becomes red or swollen, you see pus, or your child develops a fever

Ask someone else to drive you to the doctor’s office or hospital so you can give your child your full attention. If no one is available, call an ambulance.

Always cool the burn first – before calling 9-1-1 or before driving your child to the doctor’s office or hospital.

For more information

• BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit www.injuryresearch.bc.ca
• BC Professional Fire Fighters' Burn Fund: Prevention – Too Hot for Tots Course https://burnfund.org/prevention